Inflammation Can Damage Eggs

In women with endometriosis, the environment inside the ovaries can become unfriendly for eggs. Inflammation causes a rise in certain chemicals, such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, along with harmful molecules called reactive oxygen species (ROS). These substances can damage the DNA of developing eggs, making it harder for them to mature properly. This damage can also interfere with fertilisation, reducing the chances of pregnancy.

Hormonal Changes Impair Ovulation

Endometriomas, or cysts linked to endometriosis, can upset the normal hormone balance in the ovaries. This often leads to resistance to progesterone and an excess of oestrogen, which affects how eggs develop. As a result, fewer healthy eggs are produced, making conception more difficult. Restoring hormonal balance is essential for increasing the chances of pregnancy.

Oxidative Stress Ages the Ovaries

The cysts associated with endometriosis deposit iron into the ovarian tissue, which creates even more damaging free radicals. Normally, antioxidants like glutathione help protect the eggs, but in endometriosis, these natural defences are weakened. This allows damage to accumulate, causing eggs to age faster and reducing the overall number of eggs available for fertilisation.

Genetic Changes Affect Egg Quality

Research shows that in women with endometriosis, important genes such as CYP19A1 and PTGS2 are less active. These genes are vital for the proper development of eggs. When they aren’t working effectively, eggs may not develop as they should, lowering the chances of creating healthy embryos.